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Skip to content Home / Medicina / Depressione: c’è correlazione con l’infiammazione cerebrale? Secondo un recente studio olandese, i pazienti affetti da depressione presentano meno cellule microgliali attive. Questo potrebbe evidenziare un legame tra i disturbi depressivi e le infiammazioni cerebrali. Già in precedenza erano stati evidenziati dei legami con malattie infiammatorie croniche , quali: malattia infiammatoria intestinale, sclerosi multipla e malattie reumatologiche.
La depressione è una delle patologie più presenti a livello globale. Cos’è la depressione? A livello globale la depressione è una delle principali patologie debilitanti. Per tale ragione, la comprensione della fisiopatologia della malattia e delle nuove terapie risulta di fondamentale importanza. Purtroppo, risulta molto comune la resistenza al trattamento, questa infatti si verifica circa nel 30% dei pazienti affetti. Ricerche precedenti hanno dimostrato che chi soffre di disturbi depressivi presenta alterazioni nei marcatori infiammatori.
Le terapie farmacologiche, a volte, risultano non sufficienti per il trattamento del disturbo. Il nuovo studio olandese In una nuova ricerca, un team di scienziati ha esaminato il tessuto cerebrale umano post-mortem di pazienti affetti da depressione. Il tessuto cerebrale si è ottenuto da donatori deceduti recentemente che hanno donato il loro cervello per la ricerca sul disturbo di cui erano affetti. Si è rilevato che una determinata tipologia di cellule immunitarie cerebrali, dette cellule microgliali o della microglia , risultano meno attive nei pazienti affetti da disturbi depressivi. In conclusione, si è rilevato che contrariamente a ciò che ci si aspettava, avviene l’opposto di ciò che accade durante un’infiammazione: le cellule immunitarie vengono soppresse.
Attivazione di una cellula microgliale. I neuroni influenzano le cellule microgliali Le cellule microgliali risultano di rilevante importanza perché mantengono i collegamenti tra i neuroni (sinapsi), aiutandoli così a comunicare in modo efficiente tra loro. Inoltre, queste analizzano in modo costante il sistema nervoso centrale per verificare se vi sono dei neuroni, delle sinapsi e/o degli agenti patogeni che portino ad un danneggiamento. Nei campioni ottenuti dai cervelli donati, solo le cellule microgliali adiacenti ai neuroni hanno mostrato una minore attività. Dunque, i ricercatori hanno analizzato se i neuroni inviino segnali alle cellule microgliali durante la depressione, rendendole meno attive. Infatti, si è confermata l’intuizione del team.
L’isolamento della cellule della microglia in vitro, produce popolazioni pure di cellule microgliali intatte – Credits: Biological Psychiatry Ulteriori dettagli in merito allo studio sulla depressione Si sono utilizzati, durante lo studio, tessuti freschi immediatamente dopo la morte così da isolare al meglio le celle della microglia . In seguito, si sono confrontati tutti i campioni raccolti dai diversi pazienti con disturbi depressivi. Sin da subito si sono rilevate delle cellule microgliali anormali, questo soprattutto nei pazienti maggiormente depressi poco prima della morte. È interessante notare che le anomalie si sono riscontrate solo nella materia grigia e non nella materia bianca del cervello. Ciò suggerisce che è evidente una possibile interazione tra le cellule della microglia e le strutture situate nella materia grigia, ossia le sinapsi ed i neuroni.
Cervello umano – Credits: Tenor Considerazioni rilevate sui possibili legami con la depressione Durante lo studio, il team ha anche esaminato la tipologia di alterazioni riscontrate. Si è ipotizzato per anni che la depressione fosse correlata in qualche modo all’infiammazione del cervello. Ora i ricercatori riscontrano però il contrario, ossia: non è visibile una neuro-infiammazione, ma bensì una specie di immunosoppressione delle cellule microgliali . La casistica si è definita infatti “microglia depressa” e si è ricercato come ciò fosse effettivamente possibile. Le proteine CD200 e CD47 si trovano sulle cellule cerebrali e sulle sinapsi, si è notato che queste proteine sono elevate nei pazienti depressi ; questo causa una soppressione delle cellule della microglia impedendo così loro di eliminare i componenti danneggiati del sistema nervoso centrale.
L’importanza della neuroplasticità Molti scienziati ritengono che la depressione sia legata ad un cambiamento di neuroplasticità, ossia della capacità di creare nuove connessioni tra i neuroni. Un antidepressivo relativamente nuovo è l’esketamina , esso interviene in questo processo e assicura che più connessioni comincino nuovamente a crescere. In questo studio, si è dimostrata la presenza di un’interazione neurone-cellule della microglia soppresse.
Colorazione immunoistochimica di CD163 – Credits: Biological Psychiatry Conclusioni e prospettive future Il passo successivo alla ricerca attuale potrebbe essere quello di vedere le esatte conseguenze della soppressione delle cellule della microglia in merito al mantenimento ed alla formazione delle connessioni neurali. Infatti, se è noto ciò che blocca il processo, risulta più semplice la creazione di nuovi farmaci efficienti per il trattamento della patologia . Per ora, si è dimostrato che il cervello dei pazienti affetti da disturbi depressivi presenta un’attività cellulare alterata. Questo fornisce già una migliore comprensione di ciò che non va e può portare a nuovi spunti terapeutici.
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